The funding mechanisms for education in Georgia are structured through a comprehensive framework of laws and strategic policies designed to ensure financial sustainability, inclusivity, and fair distribution of resources across all educational levels. These frameworks emphasize targeted support for rural areas, low-income families, and students with special educational needs (SEN), promoting equal access and quality education throughout the country. Additionally, the 2022-2030 Unified National Strategy highlights a commitment to increasing the share of GDP allocated to education, reinforcing efforts to enhance infrastructure, teaching quality, and resources across early childhood, general, vocational, and higher education. This approach ensures that every level of education in Georgia is supported with sustainable funding aligned with the nation’s long-term educational and socioeconomic goals.

Georgia’s education system is primarily funded through public resources. Public investment is mainly derived from national and local government budgets, with allocations prioritized for essential sectors such as EPEC, general education, vocational education and training (VET), and higher education.

At the earliest stage of education, EPEC, the funding structure reflects a partnership between public resources and private contributions. Local governments are the primary public financiers of kindergartens, covering operational costs and subsidies to ensure broad access.

In primary and secondary education, the reliance on public funding becomes more pronounced. The government uses a per-student funding formula to distribute resources equitably among schools, ensuring that even those in rural and underprivileged areas receive adequate support. 

Funding sources diversify as students progress to vocational education and training (VET) and Higher Education. The MoESY and local self-government bodies are authorized to provide funding for VET. VET programs' primary types of funding include voucher funding, program funding, and targeted program funding, each tailored to specific needs and contexts (Ordinance of the Government of Georgia N244). Public financing focuses on aligning training programs with the evolving needs of Georgia’s labor market, supporting vocational institutions, and incentivizing skill development. Private contributions here are also notable, with enterprises often co-financing training programs or contributing to dual or cooperative vocational educational programs.

Higher education represents the most significant interplay of public and private funding. Public universities receive state subsidies that provide scholarships and grants to deserving students, alleviating the financial burden for many. However, private financing is dominant, with tuition fees forming a substantial share of university revenue. Additionally, private universities rely almost exclusively on tuition fees, further underscoring the private sector's influence at this level.

Public spending on education in Georgia accounts for about 4% of the nation’s GDP, a figure that reflects the government’s substantial commitment to education while highlighting the critical role of private investment in ensuring sustainability and quality. The distribution of funding varies significantly across education levels, with public financing taking a larger share in EPEC, primary and secondary education, while private contributions dominate higher education.

Data from the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Georgia, national budget reports, and international organizations such as the World Bank and UNESCO provide valuable insights into these funding dynamics.