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EACEA National Policies Platform:Eurydice
Single-structure primary and lower secondary education

Poland

5.Single-structure primary and lower secondary education

Last update: 13 February 2023

Primary education or single-structure education, comprising ISCED 1 and 2 levels, is compulsory for all children. In the school system that has been gradually introduced since 1 September 2017, the new 8-year primary school (szkoła podstawowa) takes children aged 7 to 15 years. Subsequently, young people continue education in post-primary schools (secondary schools) or in other settings, as defined by law, such as practical vocational training at a workplace, combined with theoretical training, or vocational qualification courses (education is compulsory until the age of 18). 

  • In September 2016, the school starting age was again set at 7 years. However, the national legislation provides an option for parents to apply for admission of their 6-year-old child to the primary school under certain conditions (preschool education completed by the child and his/her school readiness).
  • Education in public primary schools is free of charge for all pupils. Parents may also choose a non-public school; the requirements for compulsory classes to be based on the national core curriculum for general education are the same for all primary schools, regardless of their legal status.

In accordance with Annex 2 to the Regulation of the Minister of National Education of 14 February 2017 (rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji Narodowej z dnia 14 lutego 2017 r.), general education in the primary school (or single- structure education) is divided into two stages:

  1. Stage I, grades I to III of the primary school: integrated early school education,
  2. Stage II, grades IV to VIII of the primary school.

No compulsory test or examination is taken between the two stages.

Until the end of 2016, at the end of the then existing 6-year primary school, pupils took a compulsory external test (set by the Central Examination Board and administered and assessed by the Regional Examination Boards). It was primarily designed to provide teachers and parents with information about pupils’ achievements. Results of the test had no impact on completion of primary / single-structure education. The test was abolished on 1 September 2016 as part of the ongoing school system reform. The new 8-year primary school, established as part of the reform, prepares pupils for the eighth-grader exam that serves the same functions as the exam taken at the end of lower secondary education in the pre-reform school system. See also: Poland: National Reforms in School Education

In line with the core curriculum for general education in the primary school (Annex 2 to the Regulation of the Minister of National Education of 14 February 2017), general education in the primary school aims to:

  1. introduce pupils to the world of values, including generosity, collaboration, solidarity, altruism, patriotism and respect for traditions, and identify models of behaviour and build social relationships which support pupils’ development in safe conditions (family, friends);
  2. strengthen pupils’ sense of individual, cultural, national, regional and ethnic identity;
  3. develop pupils’ sense of personal dignity and respect for other people’s dignity;
  4. develop competences such as creativity, innovativeness and entrepreneurship;
  5. develop critical and logical thinking, reasoning, argumentation and deduction skills;
  6. demonstrate the value of knowledge as the basis for the development of skills;
  7. generate cognitive inquisitiveness among pupils and their motivation to learn;
  8. provide pupils with a body of knowledge and skills which enable them to understand the world in a more mature and structured way;
  9. support pupils in identifying their own aptitudes and further education paths;
  10. ensure comprehensive personal development of pupils by enhancing their knowledge and satisfying and stimulating their natural cognitive inquisitiveness;
  11. develop open-minded attitudes towards the world and other people, activity in social life and a sense of responsibility for a community;
  12. encourage pupils to undertake structured and purposeful self-education based on the ability to develop one’s own working methods;
  13. guide pupils towards values.

Keyskills developed as part of general education in the primary school include:

  1. Proficiency in the Polish language and modern foreign languages
  2. Efficient use of mathematical tools in everyday life, and development of mathematical thinking
  3. Searching, sorting out, critical analysis and use of information from various sources
  4. Creative solving of problems in various areas, with purposeful use of ICT-based methods and tools, including programming
  5. Solving problems, also with the use of mediation techniques
  6. Teamwork and societal engagement
  7. Active participation in the cultural life of the school, local community and country.

Early school education at Stage I aims to support comprehensive development of children. The education process in grades I to III of the primary school enables children to discover their own abilities and the meaning of activity and gain experience on the way towards the truth, goodness and beauty. Education at this stage is designed so as to cater to pupils’ natural developmental needs. The school recognises that the pupil is at the centre of the process of building individual knowledge and transition from childhood to adolescence. With such support, children achieve readiness to start education at Stage II.

The aims of education at Stage II (grades IV to VIII of the primary school) are multi-faceted and relate to individual subjects taught at school. Currently, the national legislation places a strong emphasis on pupils’ reading competences and proficiency in foreign languages (a second foreign language, and a bilingual teaching option in grades VII and VIII).

Legislation

The basic legislative act for primary / single-structure education is the Act of 14 December 2016, The Law on School Education (ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 r. – Prawo oświatowe), supplemented by the School Education Act of 7 September 1991 (ustawą z dnia 7 września 1991 r. o systemie oświaty) (which is still partly in force). Detailed arrangements are laid down in regulations of the minister responsible for school education (formerly, Minister of National Education; since October 2020, Minister of Education and Science). The main regulations include:

Specific arrangements for the operation of primary schools in a state of epidemic threat or emergency are laid down in the following regulations:

Special regulations were adopted to provide access to education to Ukrainian citizens enjoying temporary protection in Poland in accordance with the Council Implementation Decision (EU) 2022/382 of 4 March 2022 establishing the existence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC, and having the effect of introducing temporary restrictions. These include provisions of Articles 50 to 59 of the Act of 12 March 2022 on the assistance for citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on its territory (ustawa z dnia 12 marca 2022 r. o pomocy obywatelom Ukrainy w związku z konfliktem zbrojnym na terytorium tego pańatwa), and the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Science of 21 March 2022 on the organisation of education and care for children and young people who are Ukrainian nationals (rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 marca 2022 r. w sprawie organizacji kształcenia, wychowania i opieki dzieci i młodzieży będących obywatelami Ukrainy).

Schools may establish so-called preparatory units (classes) for Ukrainian pupils to facilitate their adaptation in the Polish education system, for example, to help them learn the Polish language and fill in any gaps resulting from differences between curricula. Teaching in such units can be organised in so-called inter-school groups (for pupils from different schools). Pupils may learn in a preparatory unit for a maximum of 2 school years in total.

The above-mentioned school system reform was implemented between 2018 and 2022. It involved the phasing-out of lower secondary education (completed by 31 August 2019), the extension of education stage II in the primary school, and – for pupils finishing new 8-year primary schools – the extension of the education cycle in secondary schools (referred to as post-primary schools in the post-reform system, and as schools above the lower secondary education level in the pre-reform system). During the reform period, schools were governed by the Act of 14 December 2016, The provisions introducing the Law on School Education (ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 r. – Przepisy wprowadzające Prawo oświatowe). Pursuant to the Act, a number of Regulations based on the legislation adopted before 1 September 2017 (the starting date of the school system transformation process) remained in force on a transitional basis. However, they do not apply to the newly established 8-year primary schools.

As regards funding for schools, key arrangements are laid down in an annual Regulation of the minister responsible for school education: Regulation of the Minister of Education and Science of 21 December 2021 on the distribution of the school education section of the general subsidy for local government units in 2022 (Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. w sprawie sposobu podziału części oświatowej subwencji ogólnej dla jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w roku 2022). The level of the general subsidy for the communes (gmina), as the local government units which are the administering bodies for most primary schools, is fixed in the annual Budgetary Act (ustawa budżetowa).

Primary schools administered by private entities receive grants from local government budgets. Relevant provisions are included in the Act of 27 October 2017 on the Financing of School Education Tasks (ustawa z dnia 27 października 2017 r. o finansowaniu zadań oświatowych) and resolutions adopted by communes.