Legal Framework of Preschool and School Education

Preschool and school education in Bulgaria are governed by the Preschool and School Education Act (PSEA). This act regulates the right to education, as well as the structure, functions, organization, management, and financing of the entire system.

Objectives of the Education System

The system provides essential conditions for:

• Early childhood development and school preparation.
• Acquiring primary and secondary education and/or vocational qualifications.
• The validation of competencies acquired through non-formal and informal learning.

Compulsory Education and Institutions

Preschool Education: Mandatory for children from the age of 4. Parents may choose between full-day, half-day, hourly, or independent forms of organization. The state and municipalities are obligated to ensure sufficient places in kindergartens or school groups.

School Education: Compulsory from age 7 until the pupil turns 16. In state and municipal institutions, compulsory education is free of charge.

Key Institutions:

• Kindergarten: For children aged 3 until they enter first grade. Can be municipal or private.
• School: Where students are taught, educated, and socialized. Schools can be state, municipal, private, or religious.
• Center for Personal Development Support: Focuses on inclusion and developing interests/abilities. These centers do not issue degrees or professional qualifications.

Classification of Schools

Schools are classified as General or Specialized. Based on the stage of education, general schools are categorized as follows:

• Primary: Grades 1–4.
• Basic: Grades 1–7.
• Integrated: Grades 1–10.
• Upper Secondary (Gymnasium): Grades 8–12.
• Secondary: Grades 1–12.

Specialized and Vocational Schools:

Specialized schools train students in sports, arts, culture, or religion. Examples include:

• Sports Schools: Grades 5–12.
• Schools of Arts or Culture: Grades 1–12, 5–12, or 8–12.
• Religious Schools: Grades 8–12.
• Vocational Gymnasiums: Focusing on professional qualifications.

Forms of Education

Education can be delivered through several formats to accommodate different needs:

1. Full-time
2. Evening
3. Part-time
4. Individual
5. Self-study
6. Distance learning
7. Combined
8. Work-based learning (Dual education system)

Guiding Principles of National Policy

The Bulgarian educational process is a national priority based on the following principles:

• Equal Access: Inclusion of every child and prevention of discrimination.
• Humanity and Tolerance: Focused on the interests and motivation of the student.
• Autonomy: Schools have the right to establish their own development policies and instruction methods.
• Innovation: Effectiveness based on scientific evidence and modern pedagogical practices.
• Engagement: Dialogue between the state, municipalities, employers, and parents.