General information
The aims of quality assurance are set for individual processes and as part of mission statements and / or responsibilities of the responsible bodies. There is no single official document setting out overall aims of the quality assurance system.
External quality assurance
The legislation provides for the following external quality assurance processes:
- initial institutional evaluation: assessment of applications and entry of new non-public institutions into the Register of Non-Public Higher Education Institutions;
- institutional re-evaluation: assessment of applications for the renewal of registration and renewal of the registration for non-public institutions;
- initial programme evaluation includes assessment of applications for, and the granting of, permits to establish first-, second- and long-cycle programmes in any field of study: for new non-public institutions and existing public and non-public institutions which do not meet the requirements set in the legislation to establish a programme in a given field of study as part of their autonomy (see also Chapter 7); and additionally, evaluation / accreditation for the establishment of programmes in the fields of Nursing and Midwifery;
- periodic programme evaluation includes evaluation of ongoing first-, second- and long-cycle programmes in all fields of study; and, additionally, evaluation / accreditation of ongoing programmes in the fields of Nursing and Midwifery.
It also provides for two processes which are not yet in place: complex evaluation focusing on the effectiveness of internal quality assurance and evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools.
(The terms “initial institutional evaluation”, “institutional re-evaluation” or
“initial programme evaluation” are not used in the legislation; “periodic programme evaluation” is referred to in the legislation as “programme evaluation”.)
All of the four processes that are in place and the evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools combine supervisory or accreditation and quality improvement orientations. On the one hand, they are mandatory and end with a formal decision which grants (or refuses) permission for a non-public higher education institution (HEI) to operate, or for a public or non-public HEI to establish or continue to deliver a programme, or to continue to operate a doctoral school. On the other hand, the criteria, analysis of collected evidence, and reports of evaluation panels are aimed at quality improvement.
In an initial institutional evaluation and institutional re-evaluation, a positive opinion of the Polish Accreditation Committee (PAC) on an application and a positive decision of the Minister of Science and Higher Education are required for new non-public HEIs to operate.
Based on the review of applications conducted by PAC in an initial programme evaluation, the Minister issues mandatory permits for newly established non-public HEIs, and for existing public and non-public HEIs which do not meet the requirements set in the legislation (see Chapter 7), to establish first-, second- and long-cycle programmes in a given field. The criteria for PAC’s assessment of applications are quality oriented, extending beyond formal legal requirements and minimum standards, and the assessment ends with a positive opinion, a positive opinion with recommendations on quality improvement of a programme to be established, or a negative opinion.
A positive outcome of a periodic programme evaluation, conducted by PAC in all fields of study, is required for HEIs to continue to deliver first-, second- and / or long-cycle programmes. A negative outcome leads to the abolishment of the programme concerned (where established by an HEI within its autonomy) or may lead to the withdrawal of a permit by the Minister (where a permit was needed to establish the programme). However, like in the case of initial programme evaluation, the criteria, analysis of collected evidence and evaluation reports are oriented towards quality improvement, and the validity period of a positive decision depends on the extent to which the standards are fulfilled. PAC also awards certificates for outstanding quality of education (for details, see Chapter 11.2.2 “Approaches and Methods for Quality Assurance” below).
Initial and periodic programme evaluation in the fields of Nursing and Midwifery, conducted by the National Accreditation Council for Schools of Nursing and Midwifery (NACSN&M), ends with the granting, withdrawal or refusal of accreditation by the Minister of Health. Where accreditation is refused, the HEI concerned is not authorised to establish a programme and enrol students; where it is withdrawn, the HEI ceases to enrol students until accreditation is re-granted. At the same time, two sets of the evaluation criteria, defining minimum and additional standards, reflect a quality improvement approach, and the extent to which they are fulfilled determines the validity period of the accreditation.
Evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools aims, among other things, to improve the effectiveness and quality of doctoral education. A positive outcome of an evaluation, which will be carried out by the Research Evaluation Committee, will be required for a doctoral school to continue its activity. However, the evaluation criteria extend beyond minimum standards and focus on the quality of education, which will allow evaluation panels to make quality improvement recommendations.
Detailed arrangements for complex evaluation, which will be conducted by PAC, have yet to be developed. The regulations in force indicate that the process will be mainly advisory in nature and geared towards quality improvement: applications will be submitted by HEIs on a voluntary basis; evaluation will focus on the effectiveness of internal quality assurance; and "refusal to issue a positive decision" will not have any legal consequences. However, where the decision is positive, PAC will not conduct periodic programme evaluations in the fields of study assigned to the disciplines within areas where PAC has assessed the quality of education as particularly high, unless it is instructed to do so by the Minister of Science and Higher Education.
In addition to the institutions in charge of evaluation mentioned above, there are so-called peer accreditation commissions, set up by HEIs from the 1990s onwards. They have an exclusively advisory role, supporting HEIs in the development of quality culture and quality improvement. The commissions focus on specific types of HEIs or fields of study, and their activities are not governed by national legislation. They carry out evaluations based on applications submitted voluntarily by HEIs, and their accreditation decisions do not entail any legal consequences. In the last decades, most of the commissions have suspended or curtailed their activity in view of mandatory evaluation conducted by PAC. Thus, they are not included in the next sections. More details can be found on the websites of the commissions that are still active:
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Foundation for the Promotion and Accreditation of Economic Education
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University Commission on the Quality of Education in the Field of Medicine (in Polish only)
Internal quality assurance
The legislation does not regulate in detail approaches to internal quality assurance. It only lays down general principles for study programmes, teacher appraisal and student course evaluation. HEIs set out detailed arrangements in their internal regulations. PAC and NACSN&M review internal quality assurance mechanisms as part of their external evaluations.
Reforms in the last decade
In the last decade, external quality assurance comprised four main processes involving the registration and the renewal of registration of non-public HEIs, the granting of permits for the establishment of first-, second- and long-cycle programmes, and periodic programme evaluation (see the list above). However, between 2011 and 2016, PAC also conducted institutional evaluations at the level of organisational units of public and non-public HEIs. An evaluation covered key aspects of a unit’s performance (link between the unit’s activity and the mission and development strategy of the HEI; quality assurance system; human resources policy; teaching, learning and research facilities; support for students and doctoral students), and non-degree postgraduate programmes and doctoral programmes. It aimed, among other things, to provide a fuller picture of the performance of units and the quality of education, and to reduce the burden of programme evaluations on HEIs insofar as units which received an outstanding rating did not undergo programme evaluations during the validity period of the rating. In addition to the four main processes, the legislation currently in force provides for non-mandatory complex evaluation and mandatory evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools (see General information above).
Based on the legislation amended in 2016 and 2018, PAC simplified and refined the criteria for programme evaluations, and incorporated in its criteria the 2015 Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG 2015). Evaluation still covers both formal requirements set in the legislation and qualitative aspects, but greater emphasis is placed on the quality of education. PAC takes a similar approach in the assessment of applications for permits to establish new programmes, which is based on the criteria for periodic programme evaluation.
Since 2018, in conducting a programme evaluation (and, in the future, a complex evaluation), PAC has been authorised to take a decision based on an evaluation conducted or an accreditation decision or certificate issued by a quality assurance body which is listed on the European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR) or, as earlier, with which PAC has concluded an agreement on the recognition of evaluation outcomes. PAC may also take into consideration an evaluation, accreditation decision or certificate of an international or national quality assurance body.
Between 2011 and 2018, the quality of education was linked to funding insofar as the minister responsible for higher education awarded additional funding to HEIs which received an outstanding quality rating in PAC’s programme evaluations. Grants were also available to HEIs, on a competitive basis, for improvement of internal quality assurance. Since 2018, the minister has awarded, on a competitive basis, additional funding to HEIs under two programmes that are directly or indirectly related to quality assurance:
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Teaching Excellence Initiative (Dydaktyczna inicjatywa doskonałości): public non-university HEIs may receive a grant to improve the quality of education, based on positive programme evaluation decisions issued by PAC in 6 years preceding the call for proposals and on findings from student and graduate career tracking.
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Excellence Initiative: Research Institution (Inicjatywa doskonałości – uczelnia badawcza): public and non-public university-type HEIs may be awarded a grant for improving the quality of research through, for example, enhanced international cooperation, improvement of the quality of education, in particular, in priority research areas; adoption of arrangements for staff development, and improvement of institutional management. In addition to the criteria concerning the quality of research, only HEIs which run a doctoral school and have not received a negative programme evaluation decision from PAC are eligible to apply.
Responsible bodies
Bodies responsible for external quality assurance
Currently, the bodies responsible for external quality assurance are the Minister of Science and Higher Education, the Polish Accreditation Committee (PAC), and the Minister of Health and the National Accreditation Council for Schools of Nursing and Midwifery. PAC and the Research Evaluation Committee (REC) will be responsible for two new processes which are not yet in place, complex evaluation and evaluation of the quality of education at a doctoral school, respectively.
Minister of Science and Higher Education
As part of their main powers, the Minister of Science and Higher Education (the website available in Polish only):
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lays down, by regulation, general criteria for programme evaluation, and for the two new processes: complex evaluation and evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools;
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takes decisions on entry of new non-public HEIs into the Register for an initial period of 6 years, after consultation with PAC (initial institutional evaluation);
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takes decisions to renew the registration of non-public HEIs for an indefinite time, after consultation with PAC, or to refuse renewal in cases where PAC has issued a negative accreditation decision for at least half of the programmes provided by a given HEI and in other cases specified by law (institutional re-evaluation);
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grants to public and non-public HEIs permits to establish first-, second- and long-cycle programmes (where an HEI does not meet the requirements to establish a programme as part of its autonomy) after consultation with PAC, and after consultation with the Minister of Health (for the fields of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy) or accreditation granted by the Minister of Health (for the fields of Nursing and Midwifery) (initial programme evaluation);
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withdraws permits to establish programmes where PAC has issued a negative programme evaluation decision and in other cases specified by law (periodic programme evaluation);
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may instruct PAC to conduct a programme evaluation which is not included in its regular evaluation schedule (periodic programme evaluation);
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may instruct REC to conduct an evaluation of the quality of education at a doctoral school which is not included in its regular evaluation schedule (when the evaluation process is put in place) (a kind of periodic programme evaluation);
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appoints members of PAC and REC from among candidates put forward by institutions and organisations identified in the legislation.
Polish Accreditation Committee
PAC was established (as the State Accreditation Committee) by the national legislation in 2002. As part of its main responsibilities, PAC:
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gives opinions to the Minister of Science and Higher Education on applications for entry of non-public HEIs into the Register, and on applications for the renewal of registration (an advisory function in initial institutional evaluation and institutional re-evaluation);
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gives opinions to the Minister of Science and Higher Education on applications from public and non-public HEIs for permits to establish first-, second- and long-cycle programmes (where an HEI does not meet the requirements to establish autonomously a programme) (an advisory function in initial programme evaluation);
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conducts periodic evaluations of first-, second- and long-cycle programmes and takes related decisions (a decision-making role in periodic programme evaluation); where PAC takes a negative decision, an HEI ceases to provide the programme concerned in case it was autonomously established by the HEI and, thus, a permit from the Minister was not required; in other cases, the Minister may withdraw a permit for the establishment of the programme;
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will conduct complex evaluations and take related decisions when the process is put in place (a decision-making role in the process to be put in place).
PAC’s independence was confirmed by four external reviews (2008, 2013, 2018 and 2023) coordinated by the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA), and conducted in accordance with the European Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG).
PAC members (up to 100, and the President of the Students’ Parliament of the Republic of Poland) are appointed for a 4-year term by the Minister of Science and Higher Education, but candidates are proposed by the PAC Presidium and independent institutions and organisations identified in the legislation. These include the General Council for Science and Higher Education; the Conferences of Rectors; the Students’ Parliament of the Republic of Poland; and national academic associations and employers’ organisations.
PAC is funded from the state budget. Administrative and financial services are provided by the PAC Bureau, whose head is appointed and dismissed by the PAC President.
PAC’s responsibilities, overall operational framework and the general criteria for its evaluations are laid down in the legislation. However, PAC adopts independently its operational procedures, including procedures and detailed criteria for the assessment of applications to establish non-public HEIs and degree programmes and programme evaluations, selects experts for evaluations, appoints evaluation panels, and takes positive or negative decisions in the assessment of applications and periodic programme evaluation.
PAC has been a member of ENQA and has been listed on EQAR since 2009. It has also been a full member of the Central and Eastern European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (CEENQA) since 2002, the European Consortium for Accreditation (ECA) since 2005, and the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE) since 2007.
Research Evaluation Committee
The Research Evaluation Committee (REC) (the website available in Polish only) was established by the national legislation in 2019. As part of its quality assurance responsibilities, REC conducts evaluations of research activity of HEIs and other research institutions and will conduct evaluations of the quality of education at doctoral schools, and prepares analytical reports on evaluation findings. It also drafts lists of publishing houses which publish reviewed research monographs and registers of scientific journals and reviewed international conference proceedings; and proposes to the Minister of Science and Higher Education research ratings for institutions or units which have undergone a research evaluation.
REC is composed of 3 representatives of each area of science and 7 members with experience in research policy. Members are appointed for a 4-year term by the Minister of Science and Higher Education and may serve up to 2 terms. The Minister appoints members from among candidates put forward by HEIs, institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, research institutes, and international research institutes (established by separate Acts of Parliament and operating in Poland).
The responsibilities and general operational framework for REC, general rules and criteria for quality evaluation of education at doctoral schools are laid down in the national legislation.
REC is funded from the State budget. Administrative and financial services are provided by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
REC, which has yet to start evaluations of the quality of education at doctoral schools, has not undergone an external review, is not an ENQA member and is not included in EQAR.
Minister of Health and National Accreditation Council for Schools of Nursing and Midwifery
The Minister of Health and the National Accreditation Council for Schools of Nursing and Midwifery (NACSN&M) (the websites available in Polish only) are involved in initial and periodic programme evaluation / accreditation in two medical fields of study: Nursing and Midwifery. The Minister grants accreditation on the basis of evaluations conducted by the NACSN&M. The NACSN&M was established (as the National Accreditation Council for Medical Education) by the national legislation in 2001.
As part of its responsibilities laid down in the legislation, the NACSN&M:
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conducts evaluations concerning HEIs' compliance with the national standards for programmes;
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assesses on an on-going basis HEIs' compliance with the national standards for programmes;
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submits to the Minister of Health proposals for granting accreditation, or refusing or withdrawing accreditation in cases where an HEI does not meet the national standards for programmes.
NACSN&M members (up to 12) are appointed by the Minister of Health for a 4-year term. Half of candidates are proposed by schools of nursing and midwifery (HEI units offering programmes in these fields) and the other half by self-government bodies for nurses and midwifes, nurses' and midwives' associations and professional organisations.
The NACSN&M defines independently detailed evaluation criteria and takes autonomous decisions on the extent to which programmes meet the national standards. However, the Minister of Health lays down, by regulation, the NACSN&M's operational rules and the procedure for evaluation which provides the basis for accreditation. The Minister also takes final accreditation decisions, although they are based on the NACSN&M’s positive or negative opinion on the HEI’s application for accreditation.
The NACSN&M is funded from the State budget, and the Ministry of Health provides administrative and financial services to the Council.
The NACSN&M is not subject to external review, is not a member of ENQA and is not included in EQAR.
Bodies responsible for internal quality assurance
The national legislation does not identify bodies responsible for internal quality assurance, except that the criteria, procedure and entity conducting teacher appraisal are specified by the rector of an HEI after consultation with the bodies and organisations within an HEI that are identified in the legislation (for details, see Approaches and Methods of Quality Assurance below). HEIs adopt detailed internal quality assurance approaches in their internal regulations. HEIs have appointed representatives of rectors, coordinators or other persons, committees or other bodies and / or have established units directly responsible for internal quality assurance.
Approaches and methods of quality assurance
This chapter describes the external and internal quality assurance processes.
External quality assurance includes:
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Initial institutional evaluation
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Institutional re-evaluation
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Initial programme evaluation
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periodic programme evaluation
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periodic evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools (a new process, which is not yet in place)
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complex evaluation (a new process, which is not yet in place)
All of the processes except complex evaluation are mandatory for higher education institutions.
External quality assurance
Initial institutional evaluation and institutional re-evaluation
The national legislation does not refer explicitly to ‘institutional accreditation’ but lays down a mandatory procedure for the assessment of applications and the registration of non-public higher education institutions (HEIs) (public HEIs are established by national legislation).
The founder of an HEI submits an application for entry into the Register of Non-Public Higher Education Institutions, together with an application for a permit to establish (a) programme(s) (see initial programme evaluation below). The Polish Accreditation Committee (PAC) assesses the application, and the Minister of Science and Higher Education enters the HEI into the Register for an initial period of 6 years.
The Minister refuses registration without consulting PAC when there are specific formal and legal grounds in relation to the founder or his / her legal representatives (for example, inclusion in the register of debtors as part of the National Court Register; due liabilities payable to the State budget; a valid court judgment for an intentional offence), or when the draft statutes of the HEI do not comply with the legislation. Where none of these circumstances occur, an application is assessed by PAC, and the Minister refuses to register an HEI if PAC issues a negative opinion on the application for entry into the Register or for a permit to establish a programme.
An application for entry into the Register is assessed together with an application for a permit to establish (a) programme(s). Assessment is conducted by members of PAC and / or its external experts. PAC usually gives its opinion based on submitted documents, but the procedure also provides for a site visit, where appropriate. The criteria are published on PAC’s website.
Before the expiry of the initial 6-year period, the founder applies for the renewal of registration. After consultation with PAC, the Minister renews the registration for an indefinite time or refuses to do so. A negative decision is taken in the case of gross violations of the law by an HEI or its founder; where PAC has issued a negative decision for at least half of the programmes provided by the HEI; or for any of the above-mentioned formal or legal reasons for the refusal of registration.
Initial programme evaluation / accreditation
Initial programme evaluation: all fields of study
The process involves granting permits to establish first-, second- and long-cycle programmes to new non-public HEIs and existing public and non-public HEIs which are not authorised to establish autonomously programmes in a given field of study as they do not fulfil the requirement set by law. The requirement applies to HEIs which do not have one of the three highest research grades (awarded as an outcome of an external evaluation of research) in the discipline to which a given field of study is assigned. For further details, see Chapter 7 “Higher Education”.
Permits are granted by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. However, except in the cases specified by law (see below), the Minister is required to consult PAC which assesses applications. For programmes in the fields of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy, the Minister of Science and Higher Education also obligatorily consults the Minister of Health; for programmes in the fields of Nursing and Midwifery, a permit can be granted by the Minister of Science and Higher Education only to programmes which have been accredited by the Minister of Health (see below).
The Minister of Science and Higher Education refuses to grant a permit without consulting PAC on formal and legal grounds as stipulated by the legislation (for example, tax arrears of the HEI concerned or due subsidy-related liabilities payable to the State budget; liquidation of the HEI; a remedial action programme introduced for a public HEI, no economic rationale for granting a permit; failure to implement post-audit recommendations) or in case the Minister withdrew the permit for the establishment of a programme in a field of study assigned to the same discipline in the last 2 years. The Minister may also refuse to grant a permit if a given programme does not respond to socio-economic needs on the date of the submission of the application.
Applications for permits are assessed by PAC members and / or external experts, including a representative of students. The procedure usually includes an analysis of submitted documents, but PAC members and / or experts also undertake a site visit where appropriate. The assessment criteria are the same as for periodic programme evaluation (see below). Assessment templates and detailed criteria are available on the PAC website.
Initial programme evaluation / accreditation: fields of Nursing and Midwifery
The National Accreditation Council for Schools of Nursing and Midwifery (NACSN&M) assesses the extent to which new programmes in the two fields and the organisational units of HEIs that intend to establish them meet the national standards set by legislation. The NACSN&M conducts an evaluation in accordance with the same procedures and criteria as for periodic programme evaluation (see below). The criteria are available on the NACSN&M website (available in Polish only). Based on an evaluation, the NACSN&M submits a proposal to the Minister of Health to grant or refuse accreditation. The Minister grants accreditation for 3 to 5 years, depending on the extent to which the mandatory and additional standards are fulfilled.
Periodic programme evaluation / accreditation
Periodic programme evaluation: all fields of study
Evaluation of first-, second- and long-cycle programmes in all fields of study and all HEIs is carried out by PAC. Evaluations are conducted in accordance with a schedule adopted by PAC, but an evaluation may also be conducted at the request of an HEI and is immediately undertaken at the request of the Minister of Science and Higher Education.
The frequency of evaluations depends on the outcome of the previous evaluation. Depending on the extent to which the criteria are fulfilled, PAC issues a positive decision which is valid for up to 2 years or for 6 years, or a negative decision. Where an HEI has received a positive decision for a period of up to 2 years, a follow-up or repeat evaluation ends with a positive decision valid for 6 years or a negative decision.
Where PAC has issued a negative decision, the programme concerned ceases to be provided if an HEI established it autonomously and, thus, a permit from the Minister was not required. Otherwise, the Minister may withdraw the permit to establish the programme, which, too, means that the programme may no longer be provided. The Minister may also withdraw a permit in case the programme concerned has not started for 2 years after the issue of the permit; no students were enrolled on the programme in two consecutive academic years; the HEI does not fulfil the formal requirements laid down by law or – for the fields of Nursing and Midwifery – the programme has not been re-accredited by the Minister of Health (see below).
Aside from issuing a positive or negative decision, PAC may award Excellence in Education Certificates for outstanding quality of education in four categories:
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Excellent Programme: excellence in education;
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Always at the Service of Students: excellence in supporting students’ development;
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Open to the World: excellence in international cooperation; and
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Partner for Development: excellence in collaboration with the socio-economic environment.
A certificate is awarded to an HEI providing a programme which has received a positive decision for 6 years, supported by good practice examples of the quality of education or documented and regular achievements of students and graduates (up to 5 years after graduation) and a recommendation for rewarding excellence, under the relevant PAC evaluation criteria, in a report of the evaluation panel.
Evaluation panels have up to 7 members, including PAC members and external experts. Each panel consists of academic experts, a student, an employer representative and, depending on the type of evaluation and their availability, an international quality assurance expert. Experts are selected in accordance with the procedures and criteria published on the PAC website and are required to complete training. PAC members and experts are all full and equal members of evaluation panels.
PAC’s evaluation criteria (see the table below) are identical for programme orientations or ‘profiles’: academically oriented and practically oriented programmes. However, detailed standards reflect the specificity of a given type. They address, for example, a linkage between the concept and aims of education and curricular contents, and the research activity of a given HEI and its outcomes for academically-oriented programmes, or the state of practice in areas of professional or economic activity and needs of the socio-economic environment and, in particular, the labour market, for practically-oriented programmes; effectiveness of teaching and learning methods, methods of student assessment and infrastructure in terms of preparing students for research activity in the case of academically oriented programmes, or preparing students for professional activity and developing their practical skills in practically oriented programmes. The criteria together with detailed standards are available on the PAC website.
Criteria for Programme Evaluation - all fields of study: |
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PAC evaluates internal quality assurance in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG 2015). Its criteria cover Part 1 of the ESG, including policy for quality assurance; design and approval of programmes; student-centred learning, teaching and assessment; student admission, progression, recognition and certification; teaching staff; learning resources and student support; information management; public information; ongoing monitoring and periodic review of programmes; and cyclical external quality assurance.
In a repeat evaluation, conducted for programmes which have received a positive decision for up to 2 years, PAC assesses only the extent to which the HEI concerned has implemented recommendations made in the previous evaluation.
The evaluation procedure is based on the stages recommended by the ESG and includes: a self-evaluation report prepared by the HEI concerned; a site visit undertaken by an evaluation panel; an evaluation report prepared by the panel and provided to the HEI; a response from the HEI; a decision taken by PAC; the publication of the decision together with its justification and the evaluation report. In the case of a repeat evaluation of a programme which received earlier a positive decision for up to 2 years, an evaluation panel prepares its report based on the HEI’s report on the implementation of recommendations, but it may also request additional information from the HEI or conduct a site visit.
As part of programme evaluations, PAC may issue a decision based on an evaluation conducted or an accreditation decision or certificate issued by a quality assurance body which is included in the European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR), or with which PAC has concluded an agreement on the recognition of evaluation outcomes. In its evaluations, PAC may also take into consideration an evaluation, accreditation or certificate of a national or international quality assurance body.
PAC’s resolution, including a positive or negative decision and its justification, and the HEI’s response are published in the Public Information Bulletin and PAC’s evaluation database on its website. Reports prepared by evaluation panels are also available in the database.
PAC has in place an internal quality assurance system, which includes, for example, internal audits of processes, a questionnaire survey on external evaluations for evaluated HEIs and evaluation panels, and a so-called quality window on the website – a feedback form for stakeholders to send their comments and suggestions. Findings from the questionnaire survey are published on the PAC website. In line with the ESG, PAC also undergoes an external review every 5 years (the last one in 2023).
Periodic programme evaluation / accreditation: fields of Nursing and Midwifery
Evaluations conducted by the NACSN&M provide the basis for accreditation granted by the Minister of Health.
Accreditation is granted for 3 to 5 years, and its validity period or the frequency of evaluations depends on the extent to which the mandatory and additional criteria are fulfilled. Where the Minister of Health withdraws accreditation, the HEI concerned may no longer enrol students until a given programme is re-accredited.
The NACSN&M appoints an evaluation panel which may not include NACSN&M members working in the evaluated HEI. There is no requirement in the legislation or internal NACSN&M regulations to involve students or international experts in evaluation panels.
The evaluation criteria are based on the national standards for programmes in the fields of Nursing and Midwifery set in the legislation. Like initial evaluations, periodic evaluations are conducted against basic criteria, which are mandatory to obtain accreditation for 3 years, and additional criteria for accreditation to be awarded for 4 or 5 years. The main areas addressed are listed below, and detailed criteria are available on the NACSN&M website (in Polish only)
Criteria for evaluation of compliance with the national standards-fields of Nursing and Midwifery: |
Study programme: Methods of delivery:
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Teaching staff:
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Teaching and learning facilities:
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Evaluation of the quality of education and achievements of the HEI:
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The evaluation and accreditation procedure includes the following stages: submission of an application for accreditation by a HEI; review of the application by the NACSN&M; a site visit; a site visit report prepared by the evaluation panel and forwarded to the HEI for feedback; a resolution adopted by the NACSN&M with a positive or negative opinion; a motion to grant, refuse or withdraw accreditation put forward to the Minister of Health; an accreditation certificate awarded by the Minister of Health or the Minister's decision to withdraw accreditation. The NACSN&M publishes only the names of HEIs and the fields of study that have been granted accreditation together with its validity period.
The regulations concerning the NACSN&M do not lay down any specific arrangements to ensure the quality of its own procedures and do not provide for its periodic external review.
Evaluation of the quality of education at doctoral schools
Evaluation will be conducted by the Research Evaluation Committee (REC). Doctoral schools (which have replaced previously existing third-cycle or doctoral programmes) have operated since 1 October 2019. Pursuant to the legislation, the first evaluation of education at a doctoral school can take place at least 5 years after the date when a school started to provide education or earlier at the request of the Minister of Science and Higher Education. First evaluations are scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2024.
The length of the evaluation cycle is laid down in the legislation. REC will conduct an evaluation of each school at least every 6 years or, outside its schedule, at the request of the Minister of Science and Higher Education. An evaluation may end with a positive or negative outcome. Where the outcome is negative, an HEI (or another research institution) will no longer be authorised to operate the doctoral school concerned.
In accordance with the legislation, evaluations will be conducted by evaluation panels, each composed of 4 to 7 members. Each panel will consist of REC members and external experts with significant research achievements (or artistic achievements for the areas of fine arts) appointed by REC, including at least one working in a foreign HEI or research institution, and one doctoral student appointed from among candidates put forward by the National Representation of Doctoral Students (a body representing doctoral students).
The legislation lays down 8 general evaluation criteria listed below. Detailed criteria are published on the website of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education dedicated to the evaluation of doctoral schools (available in Polish only).
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The evaluation procedure will include: a self-evaluation report prepared by a doctoral school; analysis of the report and a site visit conducted by an evaluation panel; an evaluation report (in Polish and English) prepared by the panel and provided to the school under review for its feedback; a decision on evaluation taken by REC; and the publication of the REC resolution together with the self-evaluation and evaluation reports in the Public Information Bulletin.
Complex evaluation
Complex evaluation, a non-mandatory process, will focus on the effectiveness of quality assurance measures taken by an HEI in all areas where it provides education. PAC will conduct a complex evaluation at the request of an HEI which has received only positive programme evaluation decisions (see above) or a positive decision in a previous overall evaluation.
An evaluation will be carried out by an evaluation panel composed of up 7 members, including PAC members and external experts. A panel will consist of academic experts, a student, an employer representative and, depending on their availability, an international quality assurance expert. Expertswill be selected in accordance with the procedures and criteria to be published on the PAC website and will be required to complete training. PAC members and experts will all be full and equal members of evaluation panels.
Criteria for complex evaluation have yet to be defined. Like for programme evaluation, the evaluation procedure will include: a self-evaluation report prepared by the HEI concerned; analysis of the report and a site visit conducted by an evaluation panel; an evaluation report prepared by the panel and provided to the HEI; a response from the HEI; and a decision taken by PAC. PAC’s decision, together with its justification and the response from the HEI concerned, will be published in the Public Information Bulletin and the evaluation database on the PAC website. PAC will also publish evaluation reports in its database.
An evaluation will end with a positive decision valid for 3 to 8 yearsor refusal to issue a positive decision. During the validity period of a positive decision, unless otherwise instructed by the Minister of Science and Higher Education, PAC will not conduct periodic programme evaluations in the fields of study assigned to the disciplines within areas where PAC has assessed the quality of education as particularly high. In case PAC refuses to take a positive decision as an outcome of an evaluation, the HEI concerned will be eligible to re-apply for a complex evaluation after 5 years, unless PAC sets a shorter timeframe.
Like in the case of periodic programme evaluation, as part of complex evaluations, PAC may issue a decision based on an evaluation conducted or an accreditation decision or certificate issued by a quality assurance body which is included in the European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR), or with which PAC has concluded an agreement on the recognition of evaluation outcomes. In its evaluations, PAC may also take into consideration an evaluation, accreditation or certificate of a national or international quality assurance body.
Internal quality assurance
Internal quality assurance is integrated in general terms into the mission of the higher education and research system. As stated in the legislation, its mission is to provide highest-quality education and conduct highest-quality research, shape civic attitudes, and contribute to societal development and the creation of an innovation-based economy. The legislation does not prescribe the scope or aspects to be addressed by internal quality assurance, except for general provisions whereby the responsibility for the evaluation of institutional performance rests with the senate of an HEI, and general arrangements for study programmes, including periodic student course evaluation, and teacher appraisal.
HEIs should regularly evaluate and improve the quality of education and curricula. Courses taught by teachers are evaluated, on a mandatory basis, by students and doctoral students at least once a year. Study programmes should integrate findings from an analysis of the relevance of learning outcomes to labour market needs, and findings from the career tracking system, managed by the Minister of Science and Higher Education, for first-, second- and long-cycle students and graduates and individuals who apply for, and are awarded, doctoral degrees.
All academic teachers, except for the rector of an HEI, undergo a performance appraisal. It is conducted at least every 4 years or at the request of the rector. It covers, in particular, the performance of duties as part of teaching and / or research activities and the observance of intellectual and industrial property rights. The criteria, procedure and entity conducting appraisal are specified by the rector after consultation with the HEI’s senate, trade unions and student and doctoral student self-government bodies. Appraisal takes into consideration outcomes of student course evaluation, conducted at least once a year by students and doctoral students.
Appraisal ends with a positive or negative outcome. The teacher may appeal against the outcome of the appraisal to the rector. Where the outcome is negative, another appraisal can be conducted at least 12 months after the previous appraisal. The Rector may terminate the employment relationship with a teacher after one negative assessment and is required by law to do so when a teacher has received two consecutive negative assessments.
Each HEI adopts detailed internal quality assurance arrangements in its internal regulations. PAC and the NACSN&M review internal quality assurance approaches in their external evaluations.